Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions Policy

1. Corrections

A correction may be issued when an article contains an error that does not invalidate the main findings but should be corrected for accuracy, clarity, attribution, author information, or metadata.

Corrections should be linked to the original article and should clearly describe the corrected information.

2. Expressions of Concern

An expression of concern may be issued when serious questions are raised about the reliability, ethics, authorship, or integrity of an article, but the investigation is not yet complete or evidence is inconclusive.

3. Retractions

A retraction may be issued when published findings are unreliable due to major error, misconduct, plagiarism, duplicate publication, unethical research, fabricated or falsified data, or serious breach of publication ethics.

Retraction notices should identify the retracted article, explain the reason for retraction, and remain publicly accessible.

4. Author and Reader Notifications

Authors, readers, reviewers, or institutions may notify the editorial office about possible errors or ethical concerns. The journal may request evidence, author responses, reviewer input, or institutional clarification as part of the investigation.

5. Preservation of the Scholarly Record

Retraction or correction notices should remain linked to the original article page where possible. The article page may be marked clearly to show the current status of the article.